Effects Of Chromium On Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria

SEMINAR AND TERM PAPER ON Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria Under the guidance of: Dr. Pravindra Kumar Associate proffesor Department Of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Submitted by: Ilu Kumari M.Sc. II yr Enrollment no: - 14610008 Department Of Biotechnology Indian Institute Of Technology Roorkee CHAPTER-08 Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium –stressed soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria Ilu Kumari Department of Biotechnology,IIT ROORKEE,ROORKEE Abstract Chromium which is a chemical element ,a metal,is toxic pollutant .Nowdays these are found to be present in soils due to many human activities.It affects plant system and microorganisms that are present in soil as well.Phytoremediation has emerged as a process to minimize or eliminate chromium from chromium stressed soils,but this process takes long time.So when plant growth promoting bacteria( PGPB) is used with this process as bioinoculant then it results into increased plant growth and higher chromium reducing effects.PGPB via root architecture modification increases chromium uptake,secretes metalShow MoreRelatedCadmium And Its Effects On The Environment Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagescrust as heavy metal and its exposure in environment is very big challenge to environmentalist because cadmium is non-degradable in nature. In environment cadmium transfers from one trophic level to another and finally accumulated in human with toxic effects. There is an emergent need to remove the cadmium from environment. Microbes are very helpful in this area to remediate the cadmium from environment. Microorganisms used biotransformation and adsorption mechanisms for regulation of translocation ofRead MoreThe Food Of Organic Foods1413 Words   |  6 Pagespollution. To start, organic foods have a more nutritional value that leads to a healthier lifestyle. For instance, many of the organic foods have been found to be higher in vitamin C, antioxidants, and natural minerals like calcium, iron, chromium and magnesium. Most of these nutrients are the main components of a human’s nutrition. Non-organic foods could be causing certain foods to become less nutritional for a person eating. The less nutrition a person has, the more they are at risk toRead MorePlant Pudina4642 Words   |  19 PagesNAME:-PUDINA This plant is related to the menthe genus and its aromatic herbs. Many more species grows wild; some of there cultivated. The chief constituent for which these plants are valued are menthol and pappermint oil. this medicinal plant is an erect branched herb upto about 55 cm high. Leaves upto 6 cm long. Flowers small, in small brunches, borne on axile leaves,medicinal seeds are also very useful. MEDICINAL USES of pudina :- THE DRIED LEAVES AND FLOWERING TOPS OF THE PLANT MAKE THE DRUG PAPPOERMINT

The Best Vacation Destination Free Essays

If one has the money and time, one should spend money and time to travel and expand his experiences and perspective on the world. One can find an assortment of wonderful historical sites and beautiful scenery such as beaches, mountains. If those attractions appeal to you, then Europe and the US would be perfect travel destinations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Best Vacation Destination or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though both Europe and America are great vacation destinations, they can be differentiated from each other based on three important travel distinctions: cost, transportation and tourist attractions. The first major difference between Europe and America is the gap in cost. In other words, Europe’s market price is much more expensive than America. For instance, when you visit a restaurant to have a meal, the employee’s first question is â€Å"what kind of drink do you want? † If ordering water, a visitor may be surprised when getting the bill since a cup of water in Europe is not on the house. Therefore, a customer not only has to pay for the meal, but also for the water. In addition, meals are more expensive in Europe than in America. For example, a McDonald’s cheeseburger in America is just one dollar but in Switzerland the price goes up to eight dollars. So, if one decides to travel in Europe, prepare to bring much more money than when traveling in America. The second difference is transportation. In America, it is very hard to get from place to place using public transportation because America’s public transportations are not located everywhere and they are much slower than using car. In contrast, in Europe, a person can get everywhere easily by using public transportations, even when traveling from country to country. For instance, if someone has a U-rail pass, they can use this pass at most international European rails and public transportation stalls for buses and subways because European countries share a common transportation authority; therefore, it is more convenient to travel in Europe. Lastly, the two destinations have very different types of tourist attractions. In America, tourist landmark are commonly very huge and made by natural forces such as the Grand Canyon, Niagara Falls and Yellow Stone National Park. Unlike America, most tourist attractions in Europe are made by humans. For example, Buckingham Palace in U. K and the Eiffel Tower in France are both man-made tourist attractions that symbolize must-see spots when going to England or France. So, if one travels in America, he will be amazed because of the natural beauty, but in Europe they are more likely to be astounded by what men have created. In conclusion, traveling in Europe and traveling in America are very different in three aspects: cost, transportation and tourist attractions. However, if one ever gets the opportunity, it is highly recommended that one visits both Europe and America because they are great destinations to spend vacation. Of course there are more differences and similarities between the US and Europe except above three aspects, and I strongly recommend that one finds those out during their own travel!!! How to cite The Best Vacation Destination, Essay examples

Important Approaches for HR Professionals-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Provides a thorough and detailed explanation of why he/she thinks many new changes at the organizational level quickly fizzle out. 2.Provides a thorough and detailed explanation of what he/she thinks is most important for HR professionals to know in order to avoid new changes from fizzling out. Answers: Introduction- The following report provides an assessment of some core HR elements such as organizational culture, leadership and change management. It is certain that implementing or leading change in an organization often prove to be a tough job for the leaders. Leaders must keep an eye on how employees are reacting to it and how it can be embedded with the culture to sustain the changes. In general, in order to implement and sustain changes, leaders must make their employees understand about the benefits of change. Thus, the present report presents the factors due to which changes fizzle out quickly. Likewise, the report also sheds light on the approaches required to be applied by HR professionals to sustain change in the organizations. Why many new changes at the organizational level quick fizzle out- It is certain that organizational change is a big initiative where each party involved in the process should do their respective job perfectly. However, the role of leaders also determines the success of change. Therefore, Denton (1996) mentioned that great leaders encourage others to move towards a direction that is sensible and beneficiary for themselves, the business as well as the community. This means that if the leaders remain laidback towards the changes and rule others to embrace the change, outcome may not be fruitful for all. On the other side, Choi and Ruona (2011) argued that changes often fizzle out because the leaders tend to lack self-confidence and capacity to make decision when others slip out from the direction. Apart from this, the following are some of the reasons behind the failure of change in the organization. Communication gap: Whenever a change is considered to be implemented, the leaders must develop the base for communication (Jeremy, 2010). This means each level of employees in the organization should be communicated about the purpose and benefits of changes. Hence, it is certain that leaders must experience resistance from internal environment to the proposed change but the problem occurs when the leaders hardly consider others opinions in the process. Employees grow the feeling that they are not heard properly. Consequently, employees lack interest in going with the new practices. Authoritative leadership- As put forward by Kotter (2005) in order to implement the change, it is important to lead in a positive direction; thereby, the initial phase of change remain positive but the efforts are perverted when it becomes successful and this is because the leaders become more arrogant. Thereby, here change is not the issue but the arrogance. At the initial stage after the implementation of change, for example, leaders become arrogant and any issue appears, leaders say No Problem, we will handle this, we will make new rules. For instance, in 2015, the IT firm Atlassian in Australia experienced a negative outcome from change efforts. The firm had decided to improve the quality of service by meeting customer needs (Atlassian, 2018). To implement the initiative, Atlassian decided to provide web-based service to customers and the workers of quality analysis were told to provide an uninterrupted interaction in web-based service to customers. However, the employees were pressurized to keep this uninterrupted service. Customers complaints were getting less in number in the first two months after the implementation. As nonetheless, the employees had to give additional hours in their job to keep the process active. Employees approached leaders to include more employees and divide the shifts but the leaders were not responding positively. Consequently, employees stopped working for extra hours and customers queries left unanswered. Here, the situation of Atlassian can be linked to the fact mentioned by Kotter (2005) that leaders often go on providing logical reasons for change instead of presenting people an emotionally compelling case. Important approaches for HR professionals to know to avoid new changes from fizzling out As mentioned by Younger, Younger and Thompson (2011), overcoming challenges at the initial stage is crucial and requires a bit of surprise to grab employee attention at an intellectual and emotional level. As a successful leader, one needs to show people what the problems are and how to resolve them. The following are some of the approaches that HR professionals could follow to avoid new change from fizzling out. Overcoming anxiety with information and training- HR professionals or the leaders of the firm needs to support change. The change agents leading the change management could help employees to get rid of the nervousness by sharing the plans of actions for change through frequent training and learning activities. The large IT and hardware firm HP once developed a change program in which the firm develops a training program of three months about the new procedure and practices about implementing knowledge management in the internal and external environment. In this program, each employee was taught about how knowledge should be shared and exchanged under a decentralized organizational culture (Choi Ruona, 2011). Eventually, the firm became successful in implementing knowledge sharing practices through technology. The new process enabled the firm to shift employees from traditional practice to technological practices of knowledge management practices. Convey change as a team effort: The teams in charge of change management should disperse the troops throughout the organization and prepare employees to be promoters for proposed organizational shift (Oreg, Vakola Armenakis, 2011). This certainly helps employees to develop a right mindset to accept change as it occurs. Conclusion The above-mentioned discussion helps to understand that factors that enable change to fizzle out and approaches for HR professionals to avoid failure. Even though, the fact of clear communication and a logical approach of training, is suggested in the discussion, it is worth mentioning that personal example, as a leader is powerful example of influence which can affect perspective and facilitate change. However, if the leaders do not examine their own actions, they could give wrong example and bring something that remains inconsistent with what they are saying to others References Atlassian (2018).| Software Development and Collaboration Tools. Retrieved 27 February 2018, from https://www.atlassian.com/ Choi, M., Ruona, W. E. (2011). Individual readiness for organizational change and its implications for human resource and organization development.Human Resource Development Review,10(1), 46-73. Denton, D. K. (1996). Four simple rules for leading change.Empowerment in organizations,4(4), 5-9. Jeremy, S. (2010). Benchmarking the benchmarks.HR Magazine,55(4), 43-46. Kotter, J. (2005). Change leadership.Leadership Excellence,22(12), 3-4. Oreg, S., Vakola, M., Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,47(4), 461-524. Younger, J., Younger, A., Thompson, N. (2011). Developing the skills of HR business partnership: consulting and change management.Strategic HR Review,10(1), 6-14.